Criminal Justice 101 - 2640 Words

Question 1 A. The court structure in Kansas consists of four levels and they are the municipal court, district court, the court of appeals and the supreme court. All four levels are important and play slightly different roles depending on the crime. The municipal court is where people go when they have speeding, stop sign tickets, misdemeanor traffic violations, driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, driving with a suspended license and expired plates. They may also hear animal ordinance public offense cases as well. In municipal court you will have an arraignment where you are able to please guilty, not guilty or no contest. You do have the right to an attorney but this court does not have jury trials. Jail time or†¦show more content†¦In fact, being in prison can sometimes encourage new criminal behavior. Everything from assaults, rapes and even murders occur in prisons across the country. Inmates can also learn ways to perfect their criminal life. As with other theories of punishment though, there is research that invalidates and research that supports incapacitation. Rehabilitation assumes criminal behavior can be improved with non-punitive methods. Rehabilitation, although non-punitive, usually occurs along side punishment. For instance an incarcerated person may be given many rehabilitative options. Mental health programming, substance abuse counseling and even education programming exist in modern day correctional facilities. A judge may sentence someone to attend rehabilitative programming as a part of probation or it may be included as a stipulation in a plea agreement. At the core of rehabilitation is the thought that a criminal is flawed, often through no fault of their own. Poverty, mental health issues, or childhood trauma may all contribute to a criminal life and rehabilitation attempts to aid in a sort of recovery. If a person is cured of their issues, perhaps they will not recidivate. A very simple, yet popular and long-standing goal of sentencing is retribution. Criminals are punished according to their crime because they deserve punishment. The idea that a certain crime equals a certain punishment is very simple and couldShow MoreRelatedCriminal Justice 1011582 Words   |  7 PagesI Criminal Justice 101 Unit 3 IP ABSTRACT In this paper, a senior federal agent has been assigned as the division training officer, who is responsible for providing and coordinating training for divisional agents and the local police officers that have been assigned to work on a federal task force. I am assisting in the preparation of the curriculum forRead MoreThe On The Criminal Justice System984 Words   |  4 PagesGarland (2001), view on â€Å"the criminal justice system in America was created to keep communities safe, to respect and restore victims, and to return offenders who leave prison to be self-sufficient and law-abiding. Treatment simply did not work either by therapy or broader social programs and became is a monumental failure that our states and nation can no longer afford† (p.61) Garland (2001) stated â€Å"that the collapse of faith in our correction system began a wave of demoralization that underminedRead MoreA Comparative Study of the Field Criminal Justice and Criminology1314 Words   |  6 PagesFields Criminal Justice and Criminology Javier Landa-Miranda Ivy Tech Community College CRIM 101 What is Criminal Justice and what is Criminology? They are the same? Those are the questions that people ask their selves when they talk about those fields. There might be many controversies about the differences and similarities about Criminal Justice and Criminology. People must think that these two fields are totally different or just the same thing. The reality is that Criminal Justice and CriminologyRead MoreExpository Essay : The Criminal Justice Department1081 Words   |  5 PagesKortez Campbell English 101-I November 18 2015 Expository essay on college major Introduction The Criminal Justice Department provides educational opportunities to help gain skills and knowledge in the areas of criminal delinquent process, criminology, and corrections while evaluating moral and ethical issue of public servants. As a student at Chowan University my career path is law enforcement. I stride to obtain a Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement Track, B.S degree, obtaining this degreeRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among Teenagers And Adolescents1703 Words   |  7 Pagesmeet the clinical diagnosis criteria for substance abuse disorder (2011). This epidemic is the most costly public health problem in America today. Annually, $68 billion is spent toward underage drinking and $14.4 billion is spent toward juvenile justice programs that are substance abuse related. Federal, local, and state governments are spending an average of $468 billion each year on substance abuse, which is the equivalent of $1,500 for each person in the country. Substance abuse disorders mostRead MoreEssay On Criminal Justice System1070 Words   |  5 PagesDevelopment of a sound criminal justice policy means that research and statistical data must be utilized to understand where the issues that need attention are, as well as giving an idea of how to contain the damages. The (BJS), or Bureau of Justice Statistics is the primary agency of statistics for the U.S. Department of Justice. They collect, analyze, publish, and disseminates evidence on crime, those of whom commit the crimes, the victims of the crimes, as well as the operation of justice system s at allRead MoreDay-To-Day Realities of Criminal Proceedings in the Downing Centre Local Courts 1417 Words   |  6 Pagesday-to-day realities of criminal proceedings in the Downing Centre Local Courts, and the completion of systematic fieldwork notes intends to address the complex nature of justice. With specific regard to the operation of the local court system and its key players, the impact of the criminal justice system on those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged and particularly those without legal representation, and the issue of whether justice is achieved. The discussion of whether justice is achieved will drawRead MoreUnit 9 Final Paper for Criminal Justice1165 Words   |  5 PagesRachel Miller 2013-08-06 Criminal Justice- CJ 101 Professor Kim Miller Unit 9 Final Essay Our United States Corrections System has two specific ways into having people pay for their crimes. One way is punishment. People of the victims or even the victims believe this is the best way to get their justice. The second is rehabilitation. This way is good to give an offender a second chance in society and it gives them self- being. This also gives them the opportunity to accomplish academicRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Of The United States839 Words   |  4 PagesThe criminal justice system, in the United States, is fragmented with regards to the many different courts which exist, and the roles that they play in the administration of justice. Before any police officer can make an arrest, or any court try a case, there must be laws to enforce. Law on the books refers to the written law and rules society must live by in order to be acceptable members of that society (Neubauer Fradella, 2008). This differs from the law in action, which is how those laws areRead MoreRebo und Drug Court Intern1110 Words   |  5 PagesAdams Juvenile Justice Center at 4309 Memorial Drive in Decatur GA. The juvenile court was established in 1899 as an entity separate from the criminal court. As a separate court system of justice for young people, it focused on prevention and remediation of delinquent behavior (Lemov). The state of Georgia has a Dual Juvenile Justice Department: Independent and Dependent. Independent Court manages there own services and information system away from the Department of Juvenile Justice. Dependent Courts

The Wifes Lament Essay - 1532 Words

The Wifes Lament Over the years, there have been many interpretations of who the speaker of The Wife’s Lament could be. These range from very interesting ideas to ones that seem a little rough around the edges. It is obvious that no sure answer can be found due to the fact that whoever wrote this poem is dead and that the answer will always be in speculation even if it is correct. Hopefully, at the end of this quest I will be slightly more enlightened as to who the true speaker may really be. There are some things that we do know about this poem. It is most often referred to as an elegy because of the mood of mourning and regret. Upon further reading I discovered that this poem is like others of its time period. Many†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I have the right to say what miseries I have endured since I grew up, new or old-never greater than now.† Even though this poem is relatively short, the vivid expression of grief is somewhat awe-inspiring. The first interpretation of who the speaker is in The Wife’s Lament is very shaky and not well accepted among scholars and even the average reader. This interpretation is that the speaker may be a male and not a female as we all believe. It was very common in Anglo-Saxon times for the lord of a group of people to be more to them than a ruler. Very often he would become a close friend to his people and they loved him like family. The relationship between lord and man was more than just a business arrangement and although they were working for the lord, he was respected much like a father figure would be. The problem with this interpretation is that the grammatical gender is feminine. This is the reason why everyone assumes that the speaker is a female. Supporters of this reading of The Wife’s Lament believe that somewhere along the line of translating the poem the translator made a mistake and changed the gender of the speaker. As I have already said, this interpretation is very rough around the edges and rather hard to believe. I believe that if the speaker were male then there would be no real reason for his being exiled in this fashion. It was not a custom for communities to allow â€Å"foreigners† in thus falsifyingShow MoreRelatedLoss and Reflection in The Wifes Lament860 Words   |  3 PagesLoss and Reflection in â€Å"The Wife’s Lament† Isolation from society can evoke a deep loneliness and self-reflection. The poem The Wifes Lament from the Exeter Book expresses the desolation of exile. The dominant theme is the contrast of a happy past and a bleak present of isolation. The anonymous author of The Wifes Lament uses setting, tone, and conflict to develop the theme of great loss. He/she augments a situation in which meditation on lifes past joys is the only redemption in a life sentencedRead MoreThe Seafarer, The Wanderer, And The Wifes Lament896 Words   |  4 Pagesthat’s most commonly used to honor the dead.’ Considering the Anglo-Saxon traits of loneliness,sadness, and tragedy, â€Å"The Seafarer,† â€Å"The Wanderer,† and â€Å"The Wife’s Lament† all exhibit typical characteristics of this influential time period through the How to Read Poetry notes. To begin with, â€Å"The Seafarer,† â€Å"The Wanderer,† and â€Å"The Wife’s Lament† all exhibit the trait of loneliness. â€Å"I can make a true song about myself, tell travels, how I often endured days of struggle, troublesome times,...† In thisRead MoreThe Absence of Women in Beowulf, The Wifes Lament, and the Battle of Maldon1941 Words   |  8 PagesThe Absence of Women in Beowulf, The Wifes Lament, and the Battle of Maldon It could be argued that women are indeed present in the minority in surviving Anglo-Saxon poetry, and that therefore, they are made conspicuous through their absence. The fact they may appear less frequently in Old English Literature does not necessarily mean that women were any less significant in society at this time, although this is the conclusion reached by some. It is assumed that women did, in general, have lessRead More The Anglo-Saxon poems, The Wanderer, The Seafarer, and The Wife’s Lament3469 Words   |  14 PagesThe Anglo-Saxon poems, â€Å"The Wanderer,† â€Å"The Seafarer,† and â€Å"The Wife’s Lament† The Old English, or Anglo-Saxon, era of England lasted from about 450-1066 A.D. The tribes from Germany that conquered Britain in the fifth century carried with them both the Old English language and a detailed poetic tradition. The tradition included alliteration, stressed and unstressed syllables, but more importantly, the poetry was usually mournful, reflecting on suffering and loss.1These sorrowful poems fromRead MoreFaith Versus Fate in the Poems The Seafarer, The Wanderer, and The Wifes Lament660 Words   |  3 PagesThe Seafarer, The Wanderer, and The Wife’s Lament all contains faith verses fate. The three poems are very similar and very different. The three poems ranging from a lonely man, to a lost soldier, to a wife’s bedrail. The medieval poems show hurt, confusion, and loneliness. The Seafarer, The Wanderer, and The Wife’s Lament all contain keening in the personalized poems, in many lines. The Wanderer is a poem based on a soldier who went into exile because of the death of his dear lord. In line twentyRead MoreTheme Of Exile In The Seafarer1451 Words   |  6 Pagesseparation and banishment between people and also between the people and their native country, meaning exile. During this time exile caused a great deal of pain and grievance. The three poems written in this period, The Seafarer, The Wanderer, and The Wife’s Lament were not only translated and written in the Medieval Period, but also related to this period in terms of exile. Relating to the Medieval Period, each of these poems has the overall theme of exile meaning the speakers in each poem are in a stateRead MoreThe Anglo Saxon Era Of Rich History And Reflected Literature1486 Words   |  6 PagesPeriod began in 449 and ended in 1066 AD. This was a time of Viking conquering other nations, patriotism, and Pagan to Christian religious conversion. There are only few recorded authors of this era as a result of literary works such as Beowulf, Wife’s Lament, and The Seafarer being passed down orally through generations of time. The literature serves as a reflection of this ancient time rather than having an impact on this time period. This was a period of great conquering, pride and honor, and ChristianRead MoreThe Importance Of A Common Bumper Sticker Quote903 Words   |  4 Pagesreality became clear; women are to be an object, a fixture, a malleable ball of clay left for shaping at the hands of the man she shadows. However true this may be, this paper, my last soapbox to preach observations upon, aims to reference: The Wife’s Lament, Beowulf, Paradise Lost, The Flea, and The Poetess’s Hasty Resolution to reiterate and further emphasize the use of, shift in, and development of gender roles. My primary focus resting upon the roles of women in literature throughout the time-periodsRead More Medieval Women Essay1034 Words   |  5 Pagesisolation and desperation felt by these women is captured in the â€Å"The Wife’s Lament† as the speaker describes her inability to control her own situation. The female characters Wealhtheow, Hildeburh, and Freawaru in Beowulf also display the limited role of women as peace-weavers. The only female character with some power in Beowulf is Grendel’s mother, who retaliates for the death of her son. The speaker of â€Å"The Wife’s Lament† is a peace-weaver who has been abandoned by her tribe. She describesRead MoreRethinking Gender And Space On Old English Literature877 Words   |  4 PagesRethinking Gender and Space in Old English Literature Beowulf and The Wife’s Lament are written between 100 and 1600 centuries. There has been different interpretation of the poems, some, an attempt to fit the events in the poems into the 21st century which has led to distortions and misrepresentation especially of the female characters and their representation in these poems. According to Shari Horner, twentieth century critics have tried to read women in Beowulf particularly as garrulous, weak

Natural Monopoly Identification and Regulation

Question: Discuss about the Natural Monopoly Identification and Regulation. Answer: Introduction: According to Vikharev (2013), a natural monopoly exists in an industry when the only firm experiences are decreasing cost condition over a long range of output due to economies of scale. In this situation, if the market is divided among more than one firm, then average cost (AC) will be higher. Therefore, from the point of view of cost minimization, it is better that only one firm should exist in such an industry. From the point of view of Stiglitz Rosengard (2015), it can be notified that natural monopoly exists in public utility services such as transport, communication, and supply of electricity, fuel, water and much more. In this perspective, the government of the concerned country intervenes in the market and regulates the market price at that point where the demand curve cuts the average total cost curve. The main reason behind the fact is that it covers the unwanted loss in the economy. As argued by Nizovtseva (2013), the cost-benefit analysis is the main motive of the government. In this research essay, the regulation of the government in the natural monopoly has been critically analyzed along with the cost-benefit approach. Discussion: To critically analyze the reason of government regulation in the natural monopoly, the researcher needs to consider the equilibrium condition and profit maximization point of the monopoly market. According to Minamihashi (2012), a monopoly is said to prevail if there is a single seller in the market for a product which has no close substitutes and there are barriers to entry and exit. Apart from this, sometimes the size of the market may be such as not to support more than one firm of optimum size (Saglam, 2016). The examples are transport, electricity, telephone, fuel and water. There are substantial economies which can be reaped at a large scale of output. A single firm can supply the desired output at a lower cost than two or smaller forms can. These types of firms are known as natural monopolies (Soda Carlone, 2013). In the monopoly market, the short-run equilibrium of a monopolist occurs at the point where Marginal Revenue (MR) = Marginal Cost (MC) and the slope of MR is less than the slope of MC. As per this figure, the short-run equilibrium point under monopoly market is E at which the above stated two conditions are satisfied. As a result, the equilibrium price is p* and the equilibrium quantity is q* under the monopoly market. On the other hand, as per this figure, the ATC is less than the equilibrium price of monopoly (p*). Thus, the rectangular area p*cdf represents the profit of the monopoly firm under short-run. In this situation, both the MC and ATC is upward rising, and the monopoly firm attains the supernormal profit. Therefore, the government has no power to regulate its equilibrium price and quantity (Wang Yang, 2012). In the case of long-run also, monopoly firm achieves the profit, and there is no need to government regulation for setting the price according to its opinion. According to this figure, the long-run equilibrium is at the point E at which MR = LMC = LAC = SMC = SAC and change in MR are less than the change in MC. The rectangular area p*cEd represents the profit of the monopoly under long-run. In this perspective, it can be notified that the amount of long-run profit is much higher than the amount of short-run (Yang, Tang Nehorai, 2013). On the contrary, the above situation is slightly differed in the case of natural monopoly. According to Nizovtseva (2014), a natural monopoly is a firm that can produce the entire output of the market at a cost which is lower than what it would be if there were several firms. This situation usually arises when there are strong economies of scale (Belousova, Bushanskiy, Livchits Vasilieva, 2015). As a result, the Long Run Average Cost falls (LAC) over the entire range of output and in this respect, LMC always lies below in LAC. In short, both the LMC and LAC curves are downward sloping. Now, given the market demand curve and corresponding MR curve, the equilibrium price and output are p* and q* respectively. In the context of the above figure, if the firms are unregulated, then, it would produce the potential output at q* level and charged the price at p*. The monopoly equilibrium point is E at which the equilibrium conditions are satisfied. However, if the monopolist is a private producer, then the government of a country attempts to control the price and output. As opined by Khan (2014), the main reason behind the fact is that the motive of the private producer is to earn a profit. On the contrary, in the case of natural monopolies, public utility services such as communication, infrastructure, and transport, the supply of electricity, water and fuel are not profit earning projects. As a result, government intervention is needed to eliminate the dead weight loss from the economy (Carvalho Marques, 2014). If the government wants to fix the price equal to MC which is same as the competitive price, then the equilibrium price will be reduced, and output will be increased. Now, the equilibrium point is at E1 at which the corresponding price is P1, and the quantity is Q1. On the contrary, as per this figure, at the equilibrium point E1, the monopolist will incur a loss. In this situation, the price could not cover the LAC. At the point E1, P = LMC LAC. The loss is represented by the rectangular colored area P1C1C2E1. As a result, as per the view of Belousova, Bushanskiy, Livchits Vasilieva (2015), to avoid the pure economic losses, the firm would go out of business. Thus, to make it stay in business, the concerned government of the country should provide a subsidy to the monopolist. This subsidy also compensates the pure economic loss. However, in the words of Hawley (2015), the provision of subsidy from general tax revenue involves the increased government expenditure. As a result, the government may not adapt such a policy always. As per the view of Carvalho Marques (2014), this policy is known as Marginal Cost Pricing (MC Pricing). On the other hand, the concerned government may set the price at P2 which is equal to LAC. In this case, the equilibrium is achieved at the point of E2 where the AR curve and the LAC curve intersect to each other. The equilibrium level of output is much less than the amount of output in the case of MC pricing. Moreover, at the same time, the price will be higher than MC. In this figure, the price is P2 under AC Pricing which is much higher than the price level, P1 under MC pricing. In this perspective, as per the view of Guha (2016), the monopoly firm neither earns any monopoly profit nor suffers losses. The achieved amount of output, Q2 is large enough as it can exist without driving the firm out of business. According to Preston (2012), it is known as Average Cost Pricing (AC Pricing). It can be pointed out that there is, of course, some dead weight loss in the economy, but the amount of dead weight loss is less than the dead weight loss under monopoly pricing. In other words, as per the view of Wang Yang (2012), both the equilibrium price and output under AC pricing are less desirable than those under MC pricing. Furthermore, under AC pricing there will be some loss in the welfare of the buyers. On the contrary, in the words of Yang, Tang Nehorai (2013), to avoid the extra expenditure, the concerned government may adapt the AC pricing. In this perspective, it may be noted here that to adapt a proper pricing policy for controlling the natural monopoly, the associated market demand curve and the cost function of the private producer who is the monopolist must be known to the government (Starc, 2014). In the absence of such knowledge, control of natural monopoly by the government is not possible. As a result, the government in most of the cases supplies such services so that the private monopoly does not exist (Vikharev, 2013). In this consequence, it can be notified that under monopoly market situation, the firm faces some dead weight loss and both the price and output are not so much significant compare to the price and output under perfect competition (Stiglitz Rosengard, 2015). According to this figure, the firm under the monopoly market faces a high price, and low level of the output compare to the firm under the perfect competition. With the help of cost and benefit analysis of consumer surplus and producer surplus, it can be pointed out that the triangle are b and c are the dead weight loss in the economy. The sum of these triangles (b + c) indicates the pure economic loss of the economy. As a result, the concerned government intervenes in the market to correct and regulate the market so that the economic loss is eliminated (Nizovtseva, 2014). By referring to the above analysis, it can be inferred that the primary motive of the government is to eliminate the dead weight loss from the economy. Now, in the case of natural monopoly, public utility services are delivered. The private producer, as well as the monopolistic firm, cannot be able to produce the socially optimum level of output alone (Soda Carlone, 2013). The public utility services such as telephone companies, gas pipelines, railroads, electric services, fuel, and water are not instant profit earning projects. Moreover, in the words of Nizovtseva (2013), the Marginal Private Benefit (MPB) is lower than the Marginal Social Benefit (MSB) which can be mitigated by the regulation of the government of the country in the form of subsidy. Now, in the case of MC pricing, P = MC which indicates that if demand increases, the electricity utility cannot be able to supply the desired quantity demanded (Saglam, 2016). Therefore, it ensures to increase the price to the point at which the existing capacity is equal to the quantity demanded. Now, in that situation, LAC is greater than P. Therefore, a huge amount of loss is incurred which is borne by the government (Minamihashi, 2012). Thus, to get rid of this unwanted burden, the government prefers to choose the AC pricing. Though there is some dead weight loss, the pure economic loss can be eliminated. Conclusion: Based on the above analysis of the regulation of natural monopolies, it can be concluded that AC pricing is more preferable than the MC pricing. One of the drawbacks of monopoly market is that it incurs dead weight loss compare to the perfect competition market structure. As a result, the government wants to regulate its price as well as quantity to eliminate the dead weight loss. In this perspective, a natural monopoly is that type of firm which experiences the decreasing cost condition over a long range of output. This can be done due to the presence of economies of scale. Moreover, the cost minimization process is better if the only one firm exists in the market rather than more firms. In short, the natural monopolies serve the public utility services. In this perspective, the private producer cannot be able to achieve the socially optimum level of output during the production of this type of service. Thus, the government regulation is needed efficiently to control both the price and quantity. If the government sets its price at the point of MC pricing, then a huge amount of pure economic loss is incurred which is unwanted. Therefore, to set the price at the point of AC pricing is a better decision as there is no economic loss. However, there exists some dead weight loss, but not so much significant. Reference List: Belousova, N. I., Bushanskiy, S. P., Livchits, V. N., Vasilieva, E. M. (2015). Modern Approaches to Natural Monopoly Identification and Regulation under Russian Economic Reform.Current Politics and Economics of Russia, Eastern and Central Europe,30(1/2), 35. Carvalho, P., Marques, R. C. (2014). Computing economies of vertical integration, economies of scope and economies of scale using partial frontier nonparametric methods.European Journal of Operational Research,234(1), 292-307. Guha, B. (2016). Moral Hazard, Bertrand Competition, and Natural Monopoly. Hawley, E. W. (2015).The New Deal and the problem of monopoly. Princeton University Press. Khan, N. Z. (2014). Natural Monopoly, Public Trust and Vested Interests: Case of Power Sector in Pakistan.Policy Perspectives: The Journal of the Institute of Policy Studies,11(2), 29-56. Minamihashi, N. (2012). Natural monopoly and distorted competition: evidence from unbundling fiber-optic networks. Nizovtseva, I. (2013). Index of the economic interaction effectiveness between the natural monopoly and regions. I. Math Model. Nizovtseva, I. (2014). Generalization index of the economic interaction effectiveness between the natural monopoly and regions in the case of multiple simultaneous projects.Applied Mathematical Sciences,8(25), 1223-1230. Preston, J. (2012). Beyond the quiet life of a natural monopoly: Regulatory challenges ahead for Europes rail sector.Brussels: Centre on Regulation in Europe, Issue paper,2. Saglam, I. (2016). Regulating a Manager?controlled Natural Monopoly with Unknown Costs.Managerial and Decision Economics. Soda, G., Carlone, A. (2013). Cultural Change, Reorganization and Diversification (19962002): The Search for a New Identity. InNational Monopoly to Successful Multinational(pp. 25-42). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Starc, A. (2014). Insurer pricing and consumer welfare: Evidence from medigap.The RAND Journal of Economics,45(1), 198-220. Stiglitz, J. E., Rosengard, J. K. (2015).Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Vikharev, S. (2013). Verification of mathematical model of development cooperation programs between natural monopoly and regional authorities. Wang, X., Yang, H. (2012). Bisection-based trial-and-error implementation of marginal cost pricing and tradable credit scheme.Transportation Research Part B: Methodological,46(9), 1085-1096. Yang, P., Tang, G., Nehorai, A. (2013). A game-theoretic approach for optimal time-of-use electricity pricing.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,28(2), 884-892.

Of Mice And Men(Good) Essays - English-language Films, Films

Of Mice And Men(Good) The novel Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, is about two men who are brought together and share few good times, such as each others company, and the more overwhelmingly the bad times. Both men fight the loneliness that was ramped during the Depression. The story begins in the foothills of Salinas, California, in the middle of the Great Depression. Here we meet two men, who are able to carry all of their possessions in a bindle, and are continually planning on how to get their own land and live off of the ?fat a da land?. George, the mentally stronger of the two, tells his companion Lennie, how life is going to be on this piece of land. Lennie is constantly asking George to repeat his because it makes him feel good and this is understandable because Lennie has the mental capacity of a two year old. Before the two men are able to purchase this coveted piece of land that they are after, they need to save enough money. That is the reason they go to work on a barley ranch. This ranch wi ll change their lives forever. While at the ranch, Lennie breaks the hand of the bosses' son and then accidentally kills the wife of the son. After Lennie kills the woman, and other previous mishaps at previous jobs, George realizes that because of Lennies mental capability, or lack of it, Lennie will continue to hurt and maybe even kill other people. George decides to shoot Lennie in fear that if anyone else will get to him, that they will hurt him. Throughout this entire novel, there are many examples of loneliness. Steinbeck stresses the theme of loneliness through the characters of Crooks, Candy, and Curley's wife. The first character Steinbeck uses to express loneliness in his book is Crooks. Crooks is a crippled, black, ranch hand. He became crippled when a horse kicked him in the back. Also, because of his skin color, he is never allowed in the other men's bunk to play cards or just hang out. Crooks is all alone in the barn and wishes he had somebody to stay with him. He showed this when he said ?S'pose you didn't have nobody. S'pose you couldn't go into the bunkhouse and play rummy ?cause you was black'. How'd you like that (Page 72) Another quote Crooks says that shows that he is lonely is when he states, ?A guy needs somebody - to be near him. A guy goes nuts if he ain't got nobody. Don't make no difference who the guy is long's he's with you. I tell ya. I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an' he gets sick.? (Page 72I) The second character that Steinbeck uses to stress loneliness is Candy. Candy is an old ranch hand who lost his hand in a machine. Candy becomes lonely when he loses his dog. A fellow worker killed his dog after many of the men complained that the dog stunk and that it was only suffering, considering that it was not able to feed itself. He offers to help George and Lennie reach their dream of owning property if he can live with them, doing small odd jobs around the house and yard. He offers this because he is lonely and is not sure how long he will be kept around the ranch. He explains to them that he needs somewhere to go when he is let go. Andy expressed this in the novel when he says, ?When they can me here I wisht somebody'd shoot me. But they won't do nothing like that. I won't have no place to go, an I can't get no more jobs.? (Page 60) Another example is when Candy misses his dog after raising it from just a little pup. This is let known when Candy says, ?I ought to of shot th at dog myself, George. I shouldn't of let no stranger shoot my dog.? (Page 61) Candy's only dream is of always being someplace where he is accepted. The final character that John Steinbeck emphasizes isolation in is Curley's wife. She tells the men on the ranch how she is continually lonely

Anti Aging Cream-Vichy free essay sample

The following report is based on LifeActiv which is VICHY Laboratories anti aging cream The main focus of the report is to gain a better understanding on the different aspects to be taken into consideration in the process of Marketing and selling of a product in an assigned territory. The chosen territory is the city of Mumbai. The product is targeted at women within the age group 30-60 in the middle or high income level.The marketing strategy adopted is mainly to develop a strong chain of chemists and dermatologists to market and sell Vichy products. A sales force of 5 representatives is proposed to undertake selling and promotional activities. A detailed training and development schedule is discussed for the salespersons clearly defining their roles and territories. The benefit statements of the customer are prepared under different response modes to help us understand the value that the product can offer to its end user. We will write a custom essay sample on Anti Aging Cream-Vichy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Preparation of the project time line is done evaluating the time which will be taken by the territory manager at each and every step of the process. To evaluate the performance of each sales person a Monthly Information report is prepared. The closing materials give the information about the terms and conditions of the purchase order; it provides us with the proforma invoice and regulations followed by the organization. 2 Table of Contents. Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21Topic Introduction Industry Analysis Company overview Product Description Product Segmentation Customer profile Product Sales Channels Product Market Grid Job Profile of Salesman Job Description Training Document Benefit Statement Comparative Analysis Market Development Plan Territory Allocation Sales Call Sheet Sales Force Calculation Financials Monthly Information System Project Time Line Closing Material PageNo. 4 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10-11 12-13 14 15 16-18 19 20-21 22 22-30 31 32-33 34-43 3 Introduction Cosmetics are conventionally bundled into three categories — skin lightning, moisturizing and anti-aging.Anti-aging products are used in modern times to reduce the physical appearance of aging such as wrinkles, sun spots and skin damage. Some anti-aging products are geared toward middle-aged people to reverse the effects of aging. Other products are marketed as preventatives to slow or stop aging before it begins. These products address the problem of preventing, reversing or slowing the effects of aging among people. Some well-known treatments have been in use for centuries, while others have only just been introduced. Peoples desire to look younger has boosted the anti-aging products market into a multibillion dollar industry.Industry Analysis Market research firm ACNielsen puts the anti-aging cosmetic market in India at over Rs 100crore. Though just over 3% of the countrys Rs 3,000-crore skin care market, the anti-aging segment is the fastest growing at 93% year-on-year. Although the modern Indian consumers are opening up to the western products, it is important to take notice that the larger consumer is still of a traditional mindset. There has been strong influence of ayurvedic and home remedies for the ordinary Indian consumer when it comes to skin care and beauty.The Indian anti aging segment is flooded with many products from domestic and international markets. This Industry is facing a major threat from the substitute treatments like Botox, Anti Aging pills, Ayurvedic products of brands like Himalaya and Shenaz Hussain, Skin Therapy Clinics like KAYA, specialized health foods and beverages, etc. Some of the major players of the industry are PG, HLL, L‘Oreal, Revelon, Lakme, Clinique, Lancome, Neutragena, Oriflame, Avon, Nivea, Vichy Laboritories, Johnson Johnson, Garnier, and Amway. Company OverviewSince it was founded in 1931, Vichy Laboratories mission has always been to help every individual to optimize their skins health. In doing s o,they are dedicated to giving you a comprehensive knowledge and understanding of your skins physiological mechanisms with the ultimate goal of promoting good skin health and beauty. Their expertise ranges from skin aging to skin dryness, acne prone skin, and sun protection. Vichy Laboratoires is the No. 1 skincare brand in European pharmacies. They offer a diverse range of allergy-tested products. 4Product Description LiftActiv Anti-wrinkle and firming cream This product is created and developed to make your skin look younger, brighter and rejuvenate. While many other creams boast of reducing fine lines and wrinkles, this serum penetrates the skin and works at the DNA level to reduce wrinkles as well as reduce redness, sun spots and reduces the size of pores. Ongoing use of these products is a must and must be continued all your life in order to maintain the look and appearance of beautiful smooth skin. The product is sold in a 50 ml jar for Rs. 1490/-Positives of the Wrinkle Cream ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Medical grade ingredients backed by clinical studies Reduces the size of pores, giving skin a smoother, brighter appearance Leaves skin stronger and healthier A REAL Alternative to Botox Skin is visibly re-tightened and wrinkles are smoothed from within. Breakthrough Technology continuously releases pure Vitamin C into the skin for 24 hours. Contains Keratolytic ingredient to boost cellular multiplication during the day. Reduces redness, sunspots, discoloration Works at the DNA level to eliminate wrinkles and prevent them in the future Product Segmentation The anti aging product is targeted at women in the age group of 30 to 60. It is meant for the Upper middle and higher class of society. The primary buyers of this product will be professionals who are in the service industry and who are required to maintain their physical appearance to remain in their profession. Professional Necessity: Actors, Models Primary Segment Work Requirements: Air Hostesses, Receptionists, Journalists Secondary Segment Tertiary Segment Social Standing: Corporate Executives, House wives. 6Customer ProfileName: Neetu Singh Age: 38 Profession: Assistant Vice President; DBS- India (Development Bank Of Singapore) Office Location: Lower Parel Residence: Andheri West, 7 Bungalows. Work Time: 9-5. Being a workaholic, she normally returns home at around 9 pm. Nature of work: Stressful, Consistent Delivery demanded, High Responsibility. Daily Diet: Breakfast-Canned Fruit Juice or milk with Cereals and Bread. Lunch- Office Canteen (Including fresh fruits and salad) Dinner- Home Cooked Food Family: Husband Mr. Deepak Singh ( HSBC Senior GM) and a 10 year old son Gaurav.Traits: Confident, Straight forward, Practical. Likes: Travelling, Reading, Movies. Other Grooming Products use: MAC-Make up, Kerastase-Hair care, Vichy- Night Cream. Introduction To Vichy: A free sample at a shopping mall. Usage: Applies daily and consumes a 50 ml bottle every 60 days. Product result: Very happy with the visible change. Has become a brand ambassador and has convinced others (2 colleagues and 4 friends) to use the product. 7 Product sale Channels: I. Dermatologists: There are around 650 dermatologists in Mumbai. For the promotion of our product these dermatologists will have to be categorized as under:Category A: 50 Doctors These are the top most practitioners of dermatology and specialize is cosmetology. The average daily patients that these doctors see are 60-70. The location of these doctors is in prime areas like Churchgate, Mumbai Central, Dadar, Bandra, Juhu, Andheri, Cuffe Parade, Colaba, Etc. These doctors have relatively high knowledge about the products like Vichy and are aware of its advantages hence they need less convincing and high persuasion. There is heavy importance given to cater to this category of doctors as they cater to the same market segment as our prospective customers.The Category A doctors will be approached 3 times a month by Vichy representatives. Category B: 100 Doctors These are doctors who have a decent patient inflow of about 30-40 per day. They are less aware of medicated cosmetology so they need a higher deal of convincing. Once they are influenced to prescribing the product, a significant amount of revenue can be generated from them. The category B doctors will be approached 2 times a month Category C: 500 Doctors The doctors in this category are catering to a mass audience and are not in line with our target audience.Still we cannot completely ignore this segment as they have the potential for some business. After carefully evaluating certain doctors who can add value to our sales, we should keep these doctors informed about our product. The Category C doctors will be approached once every month. II. Chemists: Since our product is placed under medical cosmetics, we need to target setting special Vichy counters at some selected Chemists. The chemists have to be selected according to the location, size of the store, foot fall of customers and sales. A total of 50 chemists are selected for setting 8 up of Vichy counters.These counters are manned by a representative from the company who attracts potential buyers and explains them about the product. There are free samples and brochures given to create awareness about the product. The 50 chemists are further classified under three categories (A,B,C) so that there can be higher focus on key performing units. Product Market Grid Prospect Customers To Stock Vichy Products Dermatologist Cosmologists Chemists Shopping Malls Gymnasiums General Stores Beauty salons Spas Prospect End Consumers Actors Models Air Hostesses Female Corporate Executives Housewives Receptionists ? ? ? ? ? ? Vichy LiftActiv ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 9 Job profile of the sales man A great salesman needs to possess a pleasing personality and excellent communication skills. He should radiate high energy levels and enthusiasm. A sense of empathy to identify with the customers as well as ability to identify customer needs would be a great asset. A never give up attitude helps in facing challenges head on. Ability to plan well and execute are critical. A good commercial sense enables right investments. Ability to organize and plan helps manage territory and above all a zeal to succeed keeps the sales person highly motivated despite all the challenges.Sales people should be able to identify the needs of potential customers and create a solution to persuade them to buy products or services. A well as finding new business, sales representatives are responsible for maintaining existing accounts and ensuring existing customers are getting the service they want. The sales man will usually work within a specific area, calling in person or by telephone to make appointments to show products or services, negotiating sales and after-sales services. Other duties may include dealing with records, accounts and paperwork.In addition to generate sales, the sales man will also be assigned with developmental activities for this product. These activities will have to be co ordinate with the sales manager of the allocated territory. The salesman is assigned to attend to 6-7 sales calls per day, generate database of prospect customers throughout the week, on all Saturdays he is assigned to handle only developmental activities. The core skills a sales executive needs are excellent communication skills, commercial awareness and self-motivation.A detailed knowledge of company products and those of competitors through training, but the ability to persuade and negotiate to win customers or sales is something he has to develop. Job Description of Salesman In any setting, the process of selling involves contacting potential customers, identifying their needs, persuading them that your products or services (rather than those of competitors) can best satisfy those needs, closing the sale by agreeing the terms and conditions, and providing an aftersales service. Medical sales representatives do all of this and more.In particula r, typical work activities include: ? Arranging appointments with dermatologists, pharmacists, which may include pre-arranged appointments or regular cold calling; targeting all the dermatologists and cosmologists in Mumbai. 10 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Making presentations to doctors, practice staff, hospital doctors, and pharmacists in the retail sector. Presentations may take place in medical settings during the day or may be conducted in the evenings at a local hotel or conference venue. Organizing conferences for doctors on weekends.Building and maintaining positive working relationships with medical staff and supporting administration staff e. g. receptionists, distributors, etc Managing budgets (for catering, outside speakers, conferences, hospitality, etc); Keeping detailed records of all contacts and reaching (and if possible exceeding) annual sales targets. Planning work schedules and weekly and monthly timetables. This may involve working with the area sales team or discussing future targets with the area sales manager. Regularly attending company meetings, technical data presentations and briefings.Keeping up with the latest clinical data supplied by the company and interpreting, presenting and discussing this data with health professionals during presentations. Monitoring competitor activity and competitors products; Developing strategies for increasing opportunities to meet and talk to contacts in the medical and skincare sector; Staying informed about the activities of health services in a particular area; Working with team manager to plan how to approach contacts and creating effective business plans for making sales in a particular area.Analyzing Data or Information Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts. Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others. 11 Training Document The objective‘s of the training are to : ? Build the sales teams competency on the scientific aspects of the product and its mode of action and effects on skin ? Impart selling skills , soft skills and territory management Training Modules Technical ?Skin and skin structure ? Different type of skin textures ? Impact of environment and sun ray‘s on skin ? Process of skin ageing ? different types of treatments and procedures Product Knowledge ? Role of each ingredient ? Method of application ? Duration of treatment ? Effect of the product ? Trials done with product and findings ? Comparison with other treatments ? Cost comparison‘s Skills ? Sales Call Model ? Gathering Intelligence ? Objection handling ? Influencing ? Retailing ? Project management ? Presentation 12 Territory Management ? Customer Targeting and Segmentation ? Customer list ?Business Planning ? Work Planning ? Cycle planning Role Plays ? Handling different types of customers ? Negotiating with Chemists ? Group presentations 13 Preparation of benefit statement for each of the buying influences. Characteristic for the Product: Helps you look younger. ? User Buying Influences: What does it do for me? Makes me look younger, gives me self confidence in social groups, and enhances my personality at work. ? Economic Buying Influence: What is the return on investment? Restores beauty and provides better complexion. What is the surety that the product will show the desired results on me? Is the product really ? Value for money‘ when there are alternate products and remedies which are much cheaper? What can be the side effects of the using such a product? What is the duration in which visible results will be shown? 14 Comparative Analysis with two Competetors Particulars Price (50 ml) Volume or Value driven VichyLiftActiv 1490 High Value Low volume Olay-Total Effect 699 Moderate value Moderate volume Sushmita Sen/ Soha Ali Khan Shopping Malls/ General Stores Ponds-Age Miracle 450 Low value High Volume Brand Ambassadors DistributionDermatologist Prescribed Aishwaria Rai Bachan (under LOreal) Special VICHY stores / Medical stores / Shopping Malls YES Malika Arora Khan/Mehr Jesia Shopping Malls/ General Stores NO NO Promotional Message Promotional activity Market Share Technically advanced and quality product 7 day challenge 11% Fights 7 Signs of Aging 28 day challenge 17% Married Women are happy 7 day challenge 37% 15 Marketing development plan for the territory allocated to the manager 1. Dermatologists Since the product is not just positioned as a cosmetic product, the background of the company is that of medical cosmetics.The marketing plan has to exploit the unique dermatology expertise that VICHY boasts of using while developing their product. The Marketing manager has to successfully track the dermatologists in Mumbai and convince them to sell or prescribe Vichy products 2. Organize Conference There have to be conferences held in Hotels or Banquet halls in which top dermatologists of an area should be invited. A lecture on the technicalities and benefits of the product can be conducted by a top foreign Vichy researcher. This will significantly influence the doctors to be associated with our product. 3.Display at Chemists The marketing manager spots top chemists which are located in residential areas that are home to the upper class of society. The core areas would be Andheri, Juhu, Bandra, Pedder Road, Cuffe Parade , Churchgate, Colaba. The top chemists are approached and a small counter of Vichy products is placed at the entrance or in the shop. There is a dedicated Vichy consultant present at the counter who approaches potential customers and brief them about using Vichy products. Providing these potential customers with a free sample which can last for 3-4 days will help in building confidence about the product.This activity can be conducted in a phased manner for a couple of months in one locality and then moving on to other areas. 16 4. Sale Organizing a sale for a specific period in a couple of locations at the same time will improve brand visibility. 17 5. Internet Marketing Creating blogs and websites where Vichy products can get instant online help from experts and other Vichy product users will help build confidence among consumers. The company can offer free trials on the website. A limited number of potential customers can be delivered with free samples for promotional purpose. 18 Territory allocation 9 Sales Call Sheet Name of Salesperson : Date: Prospect Information Company/Client Name: Type of Business: E-Mail Address: Telephone Number: Fax Number: Web Site Address: Address Line 1: Address Line 2: Address Line 3: Address Line 4: City: State/Province: Country/Region: Serial No: Postal Code: Main purpose of the call and expected outcome Customer Participant Name: Telephone Number: E-Mail Address: Job Title: Department: Issue Date: Issue Time: Issues Competitive Analysis Our Strengths Resources Required and Planning Connecting the previous call 20 Customers requirements and concernsSolutions to the customers requirements Next Appointment Details Closing the deal 21 FINANCIALS Sales value One Rep Will Generate in one month. Per Rep Segment Category A Category B Category C Total No of Drs 30 40 100 170 patients / week **7 3 0. 5 Patients /Month 28 12 2 60 cost / pack *1052 1052 1052 Sales value /Month 883680 504960 210400 1599040 *The sale price of one bottle to the distributor will be Rs. 1052. The Maximum Retail Price per bottle is Rs. 1460. **The figure 7 is estimated by assuming the following: The sales representative will be communicating to 30 Category A doctors in a month.These doctors see 65 patients per, and 390 patients in a week. Our product can be recommended to 20% of all the patients that are visiting the doctor. Therefore 78 patients have been recommended by an expert dermatologist to use Vichy‘s anti aging cream. The most optimistic assumption is that 10% of the customers advised will actually make the purchase. Hence it is concluded that in a week‘s time 7 patients will buy the product. A similar assumption is made for the rest of patients. Calculation of Sales Force required. One sales representative makes 8 calls per day and 170 in a month.

Free Essays on Middle Women

The story â€Å"Middle Woman† is a conflict between two characters that are fighting for their lives. One of the characters is the woman and the other is the dragon. It all started when the middle women took a journey to see her sister’s house and on the way she met the dragon that granted her three wishes. The middle women have made her first wish, she wished for the farm to always have enough crops to feed her family. The dragon has grated her wish, when the middle women return her family was gone. So she went to the dragon and told him he said now that your family is gone you’ll never go hungry. The middle women new what the dragon was up to so the second wish was for everything to go back a minute before she have left the house. The middle woman now knows what the dragon is up to. The middle women has said that she won’t use the wish on less she really needs it so the middle women have needed to make a wish but has solved the problems on her own so in the long run the middle women was getting old and very sick and was going to die any day now. The dragon have paid her a visit so she can use her last wish before she goes the middle women told him that I have nothing to wish for everything I wanted has happen my family is happy I’m happy and that’s all that matters, the dragon was pretty upset he told her if she does make a wish he will become mortal and he would die. The middle women as my last wish I wish for you to live a happy life and the people you meet though out your life would be happy to. As you can see, the middle women has done something good she wished that the dragon will live a happy life the way she did. So at the end the middle women died happy and the dragon lives for eternity.... Free Essays on Middle Women Free Essays on Middle Women The story â€Å"Middle Woman† is a conflict between two characters that are fighting for their lives. One of the characters is the woman and the other is the dragon. It all started when the middle women took a journey to see her sister’s house and on the way she met the dragon that granted her three wishes. The middle women have made her first wish, she wished for the farm to always have enough crops to feed her family. The dragon has grated her wish, when the middle women return her family was gone. So she went to the dragon and told him he said now that your family is gone you’ll never go hungry. The middle women new what the dragon was up to so the second wish was for everything to go back a minute before she have left the house. The middle woman now knows what the dragon is up to. The middle women has said that she won’t use the wish on less she really needs it so the middle women have needed to make a wish but has solved the problems on her own so in the long run the middle women was getting old and very sick and was going to die any day now. The dragon have paid her a visit so she can use her last wish before she goes the middle women told him that I have nothing to wish for everything I wanted has happen my family is happy I’m happy and that’s all that matters, the dragon was pretty upset he told her if she does make a wish he will become mortal and he would die. The middle women as my last wish I wish for you to live a happy life and the people you meet though out your life would be happy to. As you can see, the middle women has done something good she wished that the dragon will live a happy life the way she did. So at the end the middle women died happy and the dragon lives for eternity....

News Management, Communication and Social Problems Essay

News Management, Communication and Social Problems - Essay Example Pressure groups do not essentially seek to become part of the government; they only wish to influence the outcomes of various government decisions (Williams, 1998). Pressure groups are designed having a rather narrow and focused aims and they therefore tend to only concentrate on a limited range of specific issues. Unlike the practice that is common with political parties, pressure groups do not put together manifestos covering various broad ranges of spectrum of policies (Chapman, 2004). Although there exists several key differences between political parties and pressure groups, the distinction between the two is often seen to be blurred since some of the parties in the United Kingdom are to small to have the unattainable hope of forming the government and as such these parties resort to trying to influence the government. Various pressures groups like trade unions used to maintain close links with political parties to an extend that it was practically impossible to distinguish betw een the two an example being that the United Kingdom’s Labor Party was formed on the basis of the trade union movement, the trade union movement at one time used to provide the bulk of the party’s funding as well as majorly dominate and influence the direction taken by the various party policies (Williams, 1998). ... This pressure group endeavors to work towards not only the representation, but also the overall protection of all the doctors in the United Kingdom (Browne, 2011). Promotional Pressure Groups: Pressure groups that fall into this category are seen to strive at putting forth various new ideas that all happen to be aimed at attempting to improve and reform the society so as to make it better for particularly the more vulnerable people. A good example of a pressure group that falls into this category in the United Kingdom is the Child Poverty Action Group. This pressure group works at attempting to both represent and raise awareness of the difficult experiences and various effects of poverty that befall poor children (Needham and Dransfield, 1990). Large Corporations and News Management Although in the past, most large corporations had failed to recognize the vital role that public presentation happened to play in their operations, recent times have seen widespread appreciation of the fa ct that most large corporations happen to operate in a media sensitive environment. Large corporations are now engaging in trainings some of their executives on how to deal with any media crisis management (Manning, 2001). Some of the large corporations like Procter & Gamble have implemented various news management strategies that see them issue â€Å"Crisis management manuals† during the hiring process of all new staff members serving in their communications and public relations departments. They also organize mock news media exercises where they engage several freelance journalists who are hired to play the role of reporters from various news agencies such as the BBC and CNN (Manning, 2001). The News Management Strategies

Gender as a Structure of Social Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gender as a Structure of Social Practice - Essay Example Hegemony refers to the subordination of one group by another by mere implication that the other is greater. Hegemonic masculinity is exemplified in patriarchal systems where government is controlled by men. Narrowing down to hegemony among groups of men brings up the concept of subordination. The best example of subordinated masculinity is gay masculinity. Homosexual men in society are subordinate to heterosexual men who dominate society (Connell, p. 78). Complicity refers to the quiet acceptance by men of hegemonic structures because they benefit them at the expense of women. Marginalization brings into play class and race as factors that affect the masculinity of an individual. For example, black masculinity in the United States of America is marginalized by white hegemonic masculinity that holds economic power. Black men become associated with poverty, crime, violence, prison and other negative traits (Connell, p.79). Quentin Tarantino’s crime movie Pulp Fiction, considered a classic study of society’s underworld, contains outstanding examples of how society constructs masculinity. All the leading characters are male. The movie has been said to glorify violence among men; all the men in the movie are either career criminals or commit a crime at some point. The men are not above killing other men to achieve their goals, and do not hesitate to physically and emotionally abuse women. To illustrate the workings of Connell’s theory of masculinity, the focus is on the movie’s crime boss, Marcellus Wallace. Marcellus, a black character, is the biggest crime boss in the area. From the onset, he illustrates marginalization masculinity; a black man in oppressed America can only rise to immense wealth and power through crime. It is implied that Marcellus has risen to the top by being ruthless, cold and calculating. He also has a beautiful white trophy wife, played by Uma Thurman. His wealth qualifies him to marry a white woman, representing marginalization masculinity as manifested in the fantasy of the black man as a sexual predator of white women. Black men such as Marcellus actualize the worst fears of the white men in the hegemonic repressive system; taking their women. The ideology here is that a black man has to be extremely wealthy and successful to qualify to marry a white woman as a way of breaking society’s restrictions. Marcellus as boss of the underworld deals in different criminal operations such as drug rings, extortion, prostitution and gambling dens. He represents complicity to hegemonic masculinity as he has adapted the system to his benefit. The businesses he conducts involve prostitution, a form of exploitation of desperate women. He uses these women to enrich himself. He further illustrates hegemonic masculinity by controlling his wife’s every move and treating her like personal property. She has round-the-clock bodyguards under the guise of protection; in reality, he guards her jealou sly and monitors her every move. His paranoid actions seem justified however, when one of his henchmen succeeds in seducing his wife. To men like Marcellus, women are one more thing to be owned and used. Marcellus also treats his henchmen and underlings as disposable, illustrating further compliance to the hegemonic system. He does not hesitate to order assassinations of those who displease him. When a boxer, who was supposed to throw a match, played by Bruce Willis, ends up killing the

Choice of Chinese Government on Forest and Resource Essay

Choice of Chinese Government on Forest and Resource - Essay Example Under the Protected Areas, the ecology and biodiversity are to be protected from any form of human interference, thus sustaining such regions as natural conserved regions that represent natural habitat for different kinds of plant and animal species. In his respect, the transnational boundary conservation efforts between China, Nepal, India, and Bhutan have brought a total of 72% forest and mountainous covered region under the designation of the Protected Areas (PAs), offering a natural habitat for plants and animals to the tune of 10,348 km2. In addition, 11% constituting of conservation corridors has also been designated for protection under the PAs, so that the corridors can allow for the continuity and continuity of the natural habitats by connecting the isolated Protected Areas to form one large block of landmass (IUCN, 27). The essence of reconnecting all the protected areas through the conservation corridors is to ensure that habitat shrinkage is eliminated, while at the same time ensuring that the different isolated species of plants and animals in the different regions designated as protected areas can eventually connect and intermingle. This is meant to create a natural habitat for the plant and animal species that is diverse and all-encompassing, as opposed to the formation of separate habitats where each of the habitats carries different species of plants and animals (ITTO, 7). Â  

Discussing the importance of communication in nursing

Discussing the importance of communication in nursing To listen to another person is the most caring act of all. Listening and attending are by far the most important aspects of being a nurse (Burnard 1992). One of the basic elements of nursing is good communication skills with patients. Being unable to communicate well with a patient immediately can destroy the nurse/patient relationship and therefore the patient may not trust the nurse (Anon 2007). The purpose of this essay is to discuss the importance of communication in nursing. Without communication nurses would be unable to provide the correct care, but improving communication is a life-long developmental process (Ewles and Simnett 2005). I will draw upon my personal experience from the clinical area to show how well the theory relates to the practical side of nursing and use the process recording sheet for structure and guidance (Appendix i). In accordance with The Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) Code of Conduct, nurses must respect peoples right to confidentiality. Therefore for the purpose of this essay I have used a pseudonym and the patient discussed is referred to as Carol Brown and any personal or identifiable information has also been altered so as to protect her privacy and dignity which are also enshrined in the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) Code of Conduct. I asked Carol for explicit permission to use our interpersonal relationship in my communications essay and advised her of my obligations on my professional conduct to which I am bound by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008), regarding professional, moral and safe practice. Carol was in agreement to be involved with my assignment and on no account was her physical care at risk during this interaction. I was nearing the end of my placement in a general medical ward within a large general hospital. The ward treat a variety of medical complaints including diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, stroke and alcohol liver disease. A young 36 year old female was admitted to the ward, now known as Carol Brown with an increased weight loss due to non-intentional self-neglect probably caused by her chronic condition although could be deep rooted to family relationships (Day and Leahy-Warren 2008). Carol was awaiting heart surgery, replacement hips and replacement knees at major surgical hospital in another area of the country. Her health status was poor as she suffered from rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and had a congenital heart defect. Carol was in need of pain management, and although it was currently being managed with a variety of powerful painkillers, these proved to have little relief. Carol spent the majority of time in bed due to her severe pain, and due to this she cried out a lo t. I thought that communication would be difficult with Carol as she was mostly in pain but I also believed that she would like someone to talk to but that person would need to be a good listener. It is important to remember that nurses have the duty to provide care holistically, for the whole person, not just for their physical needs but their mental and social needs too (Kenworthy et al. 2002). Carol liked to be washed in her bed every morning as movement for her was difficult. The bay that she was in was busy with little privacy and only the curtains for seclusion. I went into assist her to wash one morning and because of her psoriasis she needed special creams applied routinely. She spoke quietly about her illness and explained her difficulties to me. Her head was bowed and she had difficulty in making eye contact. She talked slowly and quietly and sometimes mumbled, she also appeared quite melancholy at times. Talking about her family, her illness and when she was younger made her sad and she was crying. I think this was cathartic for Carol and it could be that feelings beneath the surface may need uncovered in more detail to enable her to release her emotions (Bulman and Schutz 2008). I felt that Carols ability to communicate was linked to how she felt about herself. She was inclined to judge herself too severely and underestimated her abilities. This self-blame reflect ed her ability to communicate (Ewles and Simnett 2005). She was in so much pain, her head was bowed and she could not make eye contact. I was leaning in close to her bedside, touch was not good, her body was too sore. I tried to show empathy towards Carol by giving her time to talk, being patient and listening to her. This was an example of Egans (2007) Soler theory which is a non-verbal listening method that is used commonly in communication. Was she crying because she was in so much pain or was it because she was recalling happy memories from before she fell ill? I was keen in developing the therapeutic relationship. According to Arnold and Undermann-Boggs (2003), empathy is the ability to be sensitive to and communicate understanding of the patients feelings. Being compassionate is similar to being empathetic in a way that it is important to recognise that Carols feelings belong to her and not to me. I was interested in Carols illness, to learn more about her condition and hear about her difficulties. Getting to know your patient helps to promote dignified care (Nicholson et al. 2010). She was very independent and wanted to do as much as she could by herself. Help was minimal and she only asked when she was struggling to re-position her feet. I used active listening to allow to her speak without interrupting. Active listening is not only the act of hearing but of being able to interpretate any underlying meaning (Arnold and Undermann-Boggs (2003). I paid close attention to her facial expressions and body language and Argyle (1988 p.57) suggests facial expressions provide a running commentary on emotional states. I asked Carol open questions about her illness as I thought this would allow me to encourage her to talk and she responded to this well. Open ended questions are used to elicit the clients thoughts and perspectives without influencing the direction of an acceptable respon se (Arnold and Undermann-Boggs 2003 p.241). It also allowed Carol to describe her experiences, feelings and understandings and I felt this approach was appropriate. I wanted to try and distract her from her pain as I found it difficult to see her being so unhappy, so I commented on some magazines that were lying on her table and asked her about her taste in music. This was a good subject, her eyes lit up and she smiled. We finally made eye contact. Carol and myself were exchanging verbal and non-verbal communication in order to understand each others feelings. According to Kozier (2008) non-verbal communication can include the use of silence, facial expressions, touch and body posture. Carol was keen to talk about her taste in music and became very chatty, in fact, she became somewhat excited. I put some cds on for her to listen to and as I did this she asked me questions about my taste in music. There was now no barriers to our communication as we both shared the same taste in music. When the music was playing Carol was in a different world, she was more relaxed. Research has shown that the pain and tension of illnesses such as arthritis can be eased with music therapy (Murcott 2006). I took her hand and held it gently, her eyes were closed, she was smiling and she appeared more content. By holding her hand, I felt as though I was comforting and reassuring her. Touch is a form of non-verbal communication and can be a powerful way of communicating (le May 2004). This was an indication that I really did care and that I wanted to help her. Using touch skilfully and thoughtfully can convey that you are able to be with your patient (Benner 2001 p.57). Communication can be therapeutic and the music playing was not a barrier in communications, it was in fact beneficial. Music has the power to tap into our emotions and alleviate tension (Mallon 2000). Therefore, it is argued that effective communication is more than delivering high quality patient-centred care; but it also allows patients to feel involved in their care, which can make a significant difference to their outlook on their treatment (Collins 2009). Reflecting back I realised that I was really quite worried about the communication difficulties I was facing during my interaction. Carol was a very obstinate person who knew exactly what she needed and yet she desperately wanted to be as independent as possible. I wanted her to allow me in and for her to be comfortable with me. I am glad I eventually gained her trust and we both became more relaxed. Trust is an important element in the nurse/patient relationship and can in fact affect the patient care in practice (Bell and Duffy 2009). In fact, the impact that this interaction had on our relationship was that as the days went on we became very good friends and she was very special to me. Sully and Dallas (2005), suggests that to have an empathetic understanding of our patients needs we must recognise their need for comfort and we respond to this compassionately. It was important to be non-judgemental, I accepted Carol for who she was no matter what her circumstances were and my main concern was to care for her in a professional and beneficial way and in a manner that she preferred. The Royal College of Nursing (2003) suggests that the personal qualities of a nurse should include compassion, respect and a non-judgemental approach. Putting the interaction into perspective, I originally found Carol very demanding, always calling out and constantly pressing the call buzzer. Some staff were very reluctant to go to her because her personal care was very time consuming. It was time consuming but it was because she was in a lot of pain. Surely this was a barrier to communication as some staff did not take the time to listen to what Carol required and as health promoters, we need to develop skills of effective listening so that we can help people to talk and express their needs and feelings (Ewles and Simnett 2005). Rogers (2004) used the term unconditional positive regard, this meaning that people can be too judgemental and it is important to disregard how much of a b urden someone thinks a patient with complex needs might be and treat everyone equally. From recording and analysing my interactions I have learned to accept people for who they are as each of us have had different experiences throughout life and these experiences make us who we are. It was also important to acknowledge Carols point of view, her emotions and thoughts without judgement as being aware of these helped to appreciate her perspective and needs (Silverman et al. 2005). I have also learned to be a good listener and an active listener. Ewles and Simnett (2005) suggest that this means taking note of the non-verbal communication as well as the spoken words. It is important to maintain eye contact, observe the body language, listen properly and pick up on non-verbal signs as well as verbal signs. The environment is important too, along with being sensitive, honest and compassionate (Anon 2007). Collins (2007) argues that judgemental attitudes can stand in the way of getting to know your patient and that labels attached to individuals such as demented can act as a l anguage barrier. Effective nursing requires us to be assertive, responsible and to help our patients achieve the best possible health status (Balzer Riley 2008). In conclusion, the key points that have been discussed in this essay are that of the importance of communicating in nursing and how nurses can improve their communication skills and maintain their effectiveness. We must provide holistic care for our patients and the goal is to listen to the whole person and provide them with empathetic understanding. Another key point is that we must be non judgemental no matter what the patients circumstances are. Overall communication during this interaction was positive, therapeutic and helped to build a relationship. This essay has shown how personal experience from the clinical area relates the theory to the practical side of nursing and how it is imperative that communication is clear, understandable, appropriate and effective. 2059 words References ANON., 2007. Communication skills (essence of care benchmark). Nursing Times. http://www.nursingtimes.net/whats-new-in-nursing/communication-skills-essence-of-care-benchmark/361127.article (Accessed on 21.07.10). ARNOLD, E., and UNDERMANN-BOGGS, K., 2003. Interpersonal relationships: professional communication skills for nurses. 4th ed. Missouri: Saunders. BELL, E., and DUFFY, A., 2009. A concept analysis of nurse-patient trust. British Journal of Nursing. 18(1), pp. 46-51. BENNER, P., 2001. From novice to expert: excellence and power in clinical nursing practice. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. BLAZER-RILEY, J., 2008. Communication in nursing. 6th ed. Missouri: Elsevier. BULMAN, C., and SCHUTZ, S., 2008. Reflective practice in nursing. 4th ed. Sussex: Blackwell. BURNARD, P., 1992. Counselling: a guide to practice in nursing. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. COLLINS, S., 2009. Good communication helps to build a therapeutic relationship. Nursing Times. 105(24), pp.11-12. DAY, M.R., LEAHY-WARREN, P., (2008). Self-neglect 1: recognising features and risk factors. Nursing Times. 104(24), pp.26-27. EGAN, G., 2007. The skilled helper: a problem management and opportunity development approach to helping. 8th ed. California:Thomson. EWLES, L., and SIMNETT, I., 2005. Promoting health: a practical guide. 5th ed. Edinburgh: Bailliere Tindall. KENWORTHY, N., et al., 2002. Common foundation studies in nursing. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. KOZIER, B., et al., 2008. Fundamentals of nursing: concepts, process and practice. Essex: Pearson Education. LE MAY, A., 2004. Building rapport through non-verbal communication. Nursing and Residental Care. 6(10), pp. 488-491. MALLON, M., 2000. Healing Sounds. The Scotsman. 12th May, p.9. MURCOTT, T., 2006. Music Therapy. The Times. 18th February, p. 17. NICHOLSON, C. et al., 2010. Everybody matters 1: how getting to know your patients helps to promote dignified care. Nursing Times. 106(20), pp. 12-14. NURSING AND MIDWIFERY COUNCIL, 2008. The NMC code of professional conduct: standards for conduct, performance and ethics. London: NMC. ROGERS, C., 2004. On becoming a person: a therapists view of psychotherapy. London: Constable. ROYAL COLLEGE OF NURSING, 2003. Defining nursing. RCN. http://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/78569/001998.pdf (Accessed on 29.07.10). SILVERMAN, J., et al., 2005. Skills for communicating with patients. 2nd ed. Oxon: Radcliffe publishing. SULLY, P., and DALLAS, J., 2005. Essential communication skills for nursing. Edinburgh: Elsevier.

Leaving Daddy :: Personal Narrative

Leaving Daddy The house, all bricks and windows silhouetted by the moon, dwindled to the size of Legos as we pulled onto the freeway. I crouched on the back seat of Momma's green sedan, knees tucked under me, facing backwards with my arms folded under my chin. Cheryl, her body tucked into a ball next to me, folded her sweater between her head and the door to soften the rocking of the car. On my left was Doug, his head lolled back onto the seat and his eyes staring at the ceiling, black hair whipping in the wind from the open window in the driver's seat where Momma's elbow jutted out into the darkness, her hand rising every few minutes to wipe the tears from her eyes. As the last thing familiar vanished from sight, I turned toward the front, my feet reaching out for the space between the driver's seat and the passenger's. Mitchell rode shotgun next to Momma, his rightful place as the oldest. The headlights from the car behind us flashed on the front window, and I could see his reflection, the strong jaw and the defiant eyes that challenged everything. "Why are we leaving, Momma?" he asked. "What did we do?" "It wasn't you, Mitchell. It wasn't any of you," Momma said. "Your daddy and I just need some time away from each other." Her eyes watched the white reflectors dividing the lanes disappear under the car. I knew it wasn't about my older brothers this time. I had overheard enough in those few weeks before we moved to Kentucky to understand that the move away from Louisiana was my family's last gamble to save my brothers from the future that was written as darkly on their skins as the tattoos they had drawn on each other's arms with a sewing needle and ink. We were like two sets of children, Mitchell and Doug, then Cheryl and me-a five-year gap in between us creating a rift we could never mend. Even at seven, I recognized my brothers' power as they swept the rest of us into their path, my sister and I hanging on to the edges of the storm. I thought about the house we had just left, how it had blinked from view like the ending of a cartoon where the edges close in till there is only blackness. Inside was the only bedroom I ever had to myself with a lamp in the shape of a drum, a cat clock that wagged its tail and rolled its eyes, and a vent in the floor through which my sister, in the room next door, would whisper stories to me at night. Leaving Daddy :: Personal Narrative Leaving Daddy The house, all bricks and windows silhouetted by the moon, dwindled to the size of Legos as we pulled onto the freeway. I crouched on the back seat of Momma's green sedan, knees tucked under me, facing backwards with my arms folded under my chin. Cheryl, her body tucked into a ball next to me, folded her sweater between her head and the door to soften the rocking of the car. On my left was Doug, his head lolled back onto the seat and his eyes staring at the ceiling, black hair whipping in the wind from the open window in the driver's seat where Momma's elbow jutted out into the darkness, her hand rising every few minutes to wipe the tears from her eyes. As the last thing familiar vanished from sight, I turned toward the front, my feet reaching out for the space between the driver's seat and the passenger's. Mitchell rode shotgun next to Momma, his rightful place as the oldest. The headlights from the car behind us flashed on the front window, and I could see his reflection, the strong jaw and the defiant eyes that challenged everything. "Why are we leaving, Momma?" he asked. "What did we do?" "It wasn't you, Mitchell. It wasn't any of you," Momma said. "Your daddy and I just need some time away from each other." Her eyes watched the white reflectors dividing the lanes disappear under the car. I knew it wasn't about my older brothers this time. I had overheard enough in those few weeks before we moved to Kentucky to understand that the move away from Louisiana was my family's last gamble to save my brothers from the future that was written as darkly on their skins as the tattoos they had drawn on each other's arms with a sewing needle and ink. We were like two sets of children, Mitchell and Doug, then Cheryl and me-a five-year gap in between us creating a rift we could never mend. Even at seven, I recognized my brothers' power as they swept the rest of us into their path, my sister and I hanging on to the edges of the storm. I thought about the house we had just left, how it had blinked from view like the ending of a cartoon where the edges close in till there is only blackness. Inside was the only bedroom I ever had to myself with a lamp in the shape of a drum, a cat clock that wagged its tail and rolled its eyes, and a vent in the floor through which my sister, in the room next door, would whisper stories to me at night.

Mcdonalds Cross Culture

As the world's population Increases and we become a Global society due to the increase In technology, more and more companies are doing business on a global scale. As business Increases Individuals Involved In cross border business alliances have had to have a greater understanding of other cultures to aid in the sustainability of business relationships.From the way business is conducted in other cultures to the way organizations are structured, an understanding of these cultures will inevitably help build businesses and provide positive aspects and a greater willingness to interact from the other ultras we aim to do business with. With the Increase In technology, global working and commuting, countries like England, which has a vast cosmopolitan society, has a greater awareness of other cultures.This Is due to the way we interact as friends, the sharing of other countries foods and the embracing of all that Is good In other cultures Is a rich source of the cross cultural awareness a nd understanding. We now look at the way McDonald's has managed to create a global empire that has taken into account other cultures and how this has aided the Corporation to become major global fast food retailer.Aims and Objectives * Identification of issues In Cross Cultural Organizations * Evaluation of diversity of workforce In various countries ; Analysis of the theories related to Cross Cultural Management * To take a look at the management skills required in a Cross Cultural Organization * To explore and identify the skills, attributes and knowledge needed to be a manager in a cross cultural environment * To look at management approaches for breaking emerging markets * Identify a Strategy for Cross Cultural Organizations Methodology me oenology uses Tort Investigating tons case study was purely researcher Vela secondary research.This included reading books, Journals and websites Culture What is Culture? ‘The sum total of knowledge, attitudes and habitual behavior patte rns shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society Ralph Linton 1940 There are various types of cultures in society, some are listed below: Corporate Culture This is the classed as organization culture or the way an organization does things and how they expect things to be carried out. Sub-culture This is a group having social, economic, ethnic, or other traits extinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society.Multicultural This is classed as pertaining to, or representing several different cultures or cultural elements for example a multicultural society. Culture Shock This is the state of bewilderment experienced by an individual who is suddenly exposed to a new, strange, or foreign social and cultural environment. Cultured This is a person who has an awareness of other cultures and may have experienced diversification of cultures first hand. A person who is educated through life experiences rather than by studying academically.Use c ulture shock in a Sentence See images of culture shock Search culture shock on the Web Logistical and Managerial Issues for Cross Cultural Organizations Charles Handy in his book Understanding Organizations (1993) refers to organizational cultures as tribes saying: ‘The greater the size of an organization, the greater the amount of tribes. ‘ The primary problems that may be encountered when dealing with Logistical and Managerial issues within cross cultural organizations are: * Values * Norms * Ideas/Beliefs * Attitudes * Traditions Religion * Lifestyle * HistoryThe way one issue is handled in one country maybe handled totally differently in another country. There is a clear divide between both Western and Non-western ideas as well as society norms, values and religion. In McDonald's an awareness and understanding of other cultures has been a winning factor in the development and rise of the fast food chain. Understanding cultures of the Far East, Middle East and Europe have helped the organization develop as a leader in the field it operates within.Logistically the McDonald's have had to understand the values that are held in entries like India where it is a ‘crime' to kill and eat a cow as this is classed as a sacred and holy animal. So much so that the cow is worshipped as a provider of milk, not meat, which is quite different to the west who have beef as a staple part of a fast food menu in McDonald's and various other fast food chains. In India McDonald's employed Just one franchisee in the whole of a country that has a population that is touching the 1 Billion mark.This was due to the fact that the franchisee was a person who has lived and worked in India for over arrears and has a greater understanding f the culture than an outside westerner. This Cross Cultural awareness is what has made McDonald's such a popular brand in India since being introduced in the sass's. In addition to this the use of pork is forbad in India as the pig is c lassed as unclean or Harm by the Muslim population in India. Though only small in size, McDonald's saw this as an issue and removed pork from the menu that was due to be implemented in India.Managerial issues that are relevant in one country may not be relevant in another. For example, in England the Manager on the shop floor in McDonald's works closely tit the shop floor staff as they are seen by the Junior employees as part of a team and this is addressed in the Management training that is part of the induction as a manager. In India however the whole of society is based on a class system even though this has been outlawed since the last century. However the enforcement of this class system is self propagated and the divide between the upper and lower classes is substantial.The manager will tend to be based in an office on site and will expect his delegates to manage the day-to-day running of the franchise without the manager's continual input. This gives responsibility to the del egate but also makes them aware of the social place where they belong. The lower classes are rarely given senior Jobs despite education standards which maybe higher among individuals. The majority of lower classes will hold positions as cleaners or doormen.Cross cultural management issues don't seem to create issues logistically or managerially as the McDonald's corporation main business is not done across borders. The supply of the product is done within the franchise country where social status and norms are already understood and accepted by those being employed. Areas of Consideration Regarding Culture Douglas McGregor X & Y Theory Douglas McGregor suggests that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people: * Theory X * Theory Y The majority of managers tend towards Theory X, and generally get poor results.Lifted and more conscious managers use Theory Y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Theory X (Authoritarian Manag ement Style) * Most people dislike work and will avoid it they can. * As a consequence of the above statement most people must be forced with the wreath of punishment to work towards ‘organizational' goals and objectives. * Most people prefer to be directed and delegated. This will avoid personal responsibility and leaves the employee relatively ambitious, and most Just want security above anything else.Theory Y (Participative Management Style) * People will apply self-control and self-direction in the pursuit of organizational objectives, without external control or the threat of punishment. * Commitment to objectives is a function of rewards associated with their achievement. * People usually accept and often seek responsibility. The capacity to use a high degree of imagination, ingenuity and creativity in solving organizational problems is widely, not narrowly, distributed in the population The McDonald's organization has a modern approach to the theory and practice of mana gement.One of the primary aspects of its well balanced management style is the majority of the management that run franchises around the world are developed through the organization rather than outside management being brought in. This is largely due to Ray Crock's theory that a person needs to be able to see the placement possibilities that are available to them. Employment mobility is an important factor in the development of a person.They need a participative management style as defined in ‘Theory Y above to be of benefit to the company and themselves Alienation via authoritative management approaches can have a detrimental effect ions TTT moral as well as Atlanta gal. Tort ten Dustless Owe to lack AT reoccurring business as customers can pick up on a poorly run and unenthusiastic workforce. Abraham Mascots Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Mascots hierarchy of needs has been used as a basis by many academic scholars within the study of motivation.They are adaptations of Mascots t heory that include additional tiers within the model, however the original concept devised by Moscow is solely inclusive of the five tiers listed below, from top to bottom: * Self Actualization – Personal growth and fulfillment * Esteem Needs – Achievement, status, responsibility, reputation * Belongingness ; Love Needs – Family, affection, relationships, work group * Safety Needs – Protection, security, order, law, limits, stability * Biological and Physiological needs – Basic life needs, air, food, drink shelter, armor, sleep, sex etc Mascots theory sees the lower part of the needs, Biological and Physiological as needs that need to be satisfied first, once these have been satisfied only then can the needs further up the scale or pyramid be satisfied.Self actualization at the top can only be fulfilled if the lower parts of the scale are satisfied, if these aren't satisfied the satisfaction of the upper tier become irrelevant. Modern organization are now realizing that sustained success is achievable. Once it is realized that the unequivocal support giving to employees will help achieve the Eng term fulfillment, and will help them realism their own personal potential. Managers need to understand that the Biological & Physiological needs need to be fulfilled so that a person can start satisfying needs, the basics of life need stability for a person. Then moving up the pyramid only then can a person start thinking about their ‘Esteem and Self Actualization needs'.This however may vary in countries like India, Pakistan and other poorer countries, where all of the lower needs may not be fulfilled due to lack of finances and thus the Esteem & Self Actualization needs may be stronger through the adversity of being poor and wanting to succeed and develop. A manager for McDonald's need to have an understanding of his employees needs and empathic with their situation particularly in Asian countries where the divide in classes i s evident. The manager needs to motivate and manage even through everyday adversity to ensure that a person has a sense of belonging and that the TTY Is Torment Vela ten employment. On a more senior level regarding area management or even continent management a manager needs to understand that-?:Strategic Decisions are made for what is best for both the Customer and the Employee, and also the management style has to take into account and be consistent with a customer and employees diversity of cultures and values. They need to have a caring approach towards company as well as the employees. The senior manager needs to inspire trust among their workforce and have a greater understanding of the multicultural cosmopolitan world that we live in today. Strategic decisions need to be made by taking into account the recipient countries culture and the manager must use this to act and develop constructively when immunization across borders. The transferring of this knowledge needs to be use d when doing business in an organization that is building on a global scale and that crosses national borders and diversity of cultures.Challenges for Global Managers Stereotyping and Ethnocentrism ‘If individuals of a specific nationality are confronted with negative rather than positive stereotypes of themselves by other nationalities these individuals will not recognize themselves in the profile made'. (Browsers ; Price 2008) Stereotyping is defined as making assumption of another culture or country through unrepresentative generalizations which have been associated with the culture and country as a whole. This can mean for instance that all Chinese eat rice and work in payday fields and that all Indians eat curry and live in big extended families. These statements are unrepresentative of the country and are classed as sweeping statements based on what a few people do.Ethnocentrism is classed as a belief in the intrinsic superiority of the nation, culture, or group to which one belongs, often accompanied by feelings of dislike for other groups Inevitability this will result in some form of prejudice and discrimination as a feeling f superiority is held by when a culture or country is Ethnocentrism. Misconstrued preconceptions and false stereotyping can have a profound effect on an individual by resulting in having a lower self esteem issue as talked about by Moscow and can result in alienation from a group. This is detrimental to both the well being of the individual as well as the wellbeing of the company. Errata Areas to De consoler By a Manager * Cross Cultural Awareness and Understanding * Knowledge of various cultures norms and beliefs * Eradication of stereotyping and addressing employee as an individual not a ultra bias * Elimination of Ethnocentrism as this can breed alienation and hatred * Development of own awareness and deletion of self prejudices Hypotheses Cultural Framework Greet Hefted is a Dutch social psychologist who carried out a pi oneering study of cultures across modern nations. This study was created in order for organizations to recognize and benefit from knowledge of how the various cultures around the world address issues and how interacting across nations with different cultures can be made easier by a greater understanding of these diverse cultures. Greet Hefted created a Framework or Dimension that helped compare the cultures from various nations and he used the below sections to help compare these nations using a Cultural Indices. â€Å"Culture is more often a source of conflict than of synergy. Cultural differences are a nuisance at best and often a disaster. † Proof. Greet Hefted.Applying the Dimensions to Countries Around the World Confucian Dynamism Confucianism is not a religion it is a collection of pragmatic rules of daily life. â€Å"In practical terms Confucianism refers to a long-term versus a short-term orientation in life† Greet Hefted McDonald's (USA) versus Countries From around the World Austria Brazil Australia China Denmark Italy Poland As can be seen from the charts above there is a large contrast within the indices for various countries and cultures around the world when compared with the USA. Western countries like Australia show a correlation of cultures with the USA, whereas there is a large disparity between eastern and western cultures with countries like China and India.Strategies for Managers in Organizations With Cross Cultural Issues The main Strategy that should be employed to aid in organizations with Cross Cultural issues are: An introduction into ‘Equality and Diversity by ensuring that every employee has participated in a course covering this area. * Senior management should look at also how a course like the ones offered by Greet Hefted regarding his Cultural Framework can be used to help break new emerging markets. This will also help to gain a better understanding of existing established markets and how the services can be improved to gain effectiveness and efficiency. * Establish Corporate ‘Equality and Diversity Champions that will instill the values of fairness and understanding of other cultures that are part of the corporate business.Ensure that the recruitment of staff, particularly managers are done correctly and effectively by the Human Resource management department by placing an emphasis on Cultural Diversity as key criteria for selection. * Ensure that the retention of key staff is paramount for the business, particularly Equality and Diversity Champions as these are the propagators of the corporate aim to achieve cultural awareness. * Use Key indicators to help monitor the effectiveness of the Equality and Diversity course being implemented. Quantify this information to evaluate if improvements re required, whether all cultural interactions are represented by this course and monitor future and refresher courses.Conclusion when McDonald's was Torment In ten sass's an ten corporation relents were Drought out by the founder Ray Crock his main emphasis was to duplicate his franchise idea not only across the United States, but also across the world. How big this realization was at the time is quite modestly spoken about in Ray Crock's autobiography. The growth of McDonald's was done incrementally rather than a franchise explosion across the world and it was Ray Crock's values and visions that help get the brand name associated with quality. This was widely accepted as the norm in the USA and when a customer visited a McDonald's they knew what they were to receive on the menu.Breaking into the international market placed a greater emphasis of understanding cultural practices of the new franchise country, and what foods would be accepted as being part of the menu. In addition to this the senior management of McDonald's USA needed to gain a greater understanding of how the new culture they were to sell their food to would take to the menu. Adaptations had to made, and certain foods had to be removed from the menu in astern and far eastern countries. Worldwide McDonald's had a major diversification in their labor force. This diversity had to be represented in the training and practices that McDonald's employed in various countries and this was primary dealt with by continent managers of these areas e. G. Europe, Asia and South America.The staff who work in the franchises were trained according to regional customs and traditions and various foods available in the western world were seen as Harm for these countries, so adaptations had to be made. As the company grew incrementally these countries were fully researched so a ultra awareness was available to the corporation. Differences were recognized by the corporation so these had to addressed so that advertising and marketing was appropriate. Cultural sensitivity and elimination of stereotyping and prejudice had to be taken into account. Individuals from various cultures are motivated and concerned with various things that needed to be understood by the management of McDonald's to ensure that no alienation was created.